The objective of the present study was to determine chemical composition and fatty acid profile of COMMON KILKA, Clupeonella cultriventris caspia, in the Caspian Sea. The chemical analysis revealed that the protein and lipid content of COMMON KILKA were 15.05 and 6.5% of the fresh weight, and total MUFA, PUFA and SFA were found to be 37.00, 32.89 and 29.03% respectively. Palmitic acid (16: 0) among total SFAs, oleic acid (18: 1n-9) among MUFAs, Docosahexanoid acid (DHA) (22: 6n-3) among n-3 PUFAs and linoleic acid (LA) (18: 2n-6) among n-6 PUFAs were the most abundant fatty acids. The obtained results revealed that COMMON KILKA is a better source ofw-3 PUFAs than w-6. DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were the major components of w-3 PUFAs. Levels of DHA and EPA were 20.79% and 6.97% respectively. The PUFA/SFA ratio was 1.13 in COMMON KILKA. This ratio was more than the recommended minimum value (0.45).The EPA/DHA ratio was 0.34 in COMMON KILKA. The present study suggests that COMMON KILKA is rich in essential unsaturated fatty acids of the w-3 family, especially DHA which may be considered nutritionally attractive for human.

This study evaluates the genetical structure of Caspian Sea COMMON KILKA (Clupeonella cultriventris caspia) during winter and Spring of 2013 by sequencing method.30 samples were gathered from Mazandaran and Gilan fisheries ports and the fins samples lived in ethanol 96%. Then the genetical studies were done in biotechnology laboratory of Caspian Seas ecological research center. The DNA genomic samples of soft ports of the fish fin extracted by ammonium acetate method. The chain reaction of polymerase (PCR) was used by a pair of designed primer, on fish's DNA genomic. The abundant of Alles, the true number of Allelles, the observed and expected Heterozygosity, the genetic likeness and difference and the amount of Fs+caluculated by Tajmia and Nei test of genetic software (Bio Edit and Arlequin). Dendrogram of genetic difference drawn by Mega 4 genetic software. Based on drawn phylogenetic tree, the samples of Guilan were divided from Mazandarn samples. The dendrogram of these fish showed that the D-Loop gene indentified the genetic structure of Caspian Seas COMMON KILKA and separates Mazandaran and Guilan populations directly.

The natural antioxidants effects of f)-carotene in concentration of 100ppm (BC 100) combined with ascorbic acid as a synergist agent (0.lg) and green tea polyphenols in concentration of 200ppm (pp200) on quality of COMMON KILKA (Clupeonella cultriventris caspia) during storage with ice powder were studied. Values of PV and TBA at 14, 38 and 62 hour after fishing was compared with control (sample without any antioxidant). Statistical analysis showed although PV and TBA values increased significantly in all treatments (BCl00, pp200 and C) during storage times, but the antioxidant treated samples showed significantly lower PV and TBA values (P<0.005) than the control for the same time period. Sensory evaluation (color, odor, texture, taste and flavor, off flavor) showed no significant differences between both antioxidants; therefore, it is proposed using both antioxidants in preservation of COMMON KILKA.

This paper examines the changes in the population biology and biomass of COMMON KILKA (Clupeonella cultriventris caspia) in the Iranian waters of the Caspian Sea from 1995-2004. For most years during this 10-year period, we estimated the age structure of the catch, length-weight relationship, von Bertalanffy growth parameters, condition factor, sex ratios, maturity stages determined from ovarian analysis, natural and fishing mortality, age at first capture and biomass. Growth parameters were estimated as L¥=132mm, K=0.259/yr, t0=-1.285/yr. The instantaneous coefficient of natural mortality was estimated as 0.506/yr and the instantaneous coefficient of fishing mortality varied during the 10-year period between 0.125/yr to 1.487/yr. Biomass of the COMMON KILKA increased from about 16,000mt in 1995 to more than 41,000mt in year of 2002. This increase in COMMON KILKA was simultaneous with a sharp decline in anchovy KILKA, changes in zooplankton abundance and composition, and especially increase in zooplankton species used by COMMON KILKA. We concluded that at the present time, the stock of COMMON KILKA is being over-fished.

Monthly samples of COMMON KILKA (Clupeonella cultriventris caspia) were collected at night on board of KILKA fishing vessel during the years 2004-2005 in Mazandran province. The decreasing KILKA population in the Caspian Sea and the associated economic loss of fisheries sector were the main reasons encouraging the research. The stomach contents of COMMON KILKA and biotic and abiotic factors at the fishing areas were examined in this project. The length and weight of COMMON KILKA fluctuated between 100±7 to 113±5 mm and 7.0±1.9 to 10.3±1.0 gre, spectively. The highest feeding activity was observed in April with 280±153 individuals of prey weighing 2.9±1.6 mg per fish consisted of 7% Acartia and 93% Balanus nauplii and cipris. The zooplankton population taken in during March to September was composed of Balanus nauplii and cipris (67% to 100%) but the biomass of copepod (Acartia) was dominant from October to February.We observed that with increasing temperature in spring, Balanus reproduced and the stomach contents of KILKA comprised more than 90% Balanus cipris and nauplii. In winter, Copepoda was observed more in stomach contents of KILKA while Balanus decreased.

In this study, the some kinetic and biochemical properties of trypsin enzyme from COMMON KILKA and porcine were assessed. The results showed that the optimum temperature and pH for COMMON KILKA trypsin and porcine trypsin were 60oC and 8, respectively. Thermal and pH stability were also 45°C and 7-10 for COMMON KILKA trypsin and 50oC and 4-11 for porcine trypsin. CaCI2 and MgCI2 significantly increased the trypsin activity in COMMON KILKA and porcine (P<0.05). NaCI and KCI had no significant effect on trysin activity in COMMON KILKA (P>0.05) while it was significantly decreased in porcine in presence of them (P<0.05). The trypsin activity in COMMON KILKA was significantly increased in presence of MnCI2 (P<0.05) but in porcine, showed a significant decrease (P<0.05). The comparison of inhibitors of SBTI, TLCK, PMSF and p-aminobenzamidine revealed the except for p-aminobenzamidine, the other inhibitors showed no significant difference on enzyme activity in COMMON KILKA and porcine (P>0.05) but enzyme activity was significantly decreased by p-aminobenzamidine in porcine than COMMON KILKA (P<0.05). Vmax value of COMMON KILKA trypsin was significantly higher max than that from porcine trypsin (P<0.05). Km value of COMMON KILKA trypsin was significantly lower than that from porcine trypsin (P<0.05). The results of this study showed that COMMON KILKA trypsin was more efficient that porcine.trypsin and it could be considered as an additive in industries and biotechnological researches in future.

KILKA plays an important role in the food chain of the Caspian Sea. This study was carried out during 2006-07 for the estimation of maximum sustainable yield of KILKA in the southern Caspian Sea. Sampling carried out from October 2006 to September 2007 in Bandar Anzali and Babolsar during which 1533 fish were measured and weighed. Age estimation was done by using sagitta otoliths. The results showed that the mean total length of COMMON KILKA was 102.4±9.7 mm ranged from 56 to 144 mm. Mean age was 3.6 years and over 73 percent of the samples were composed of third and fourth year classes. Growth coefficient (K) using the Ford-Walford plot and total mortality coefficient (Z) were estimated as 0.321 and 1.280 per year, respectively. In the present study, the COMMON KILKA stock in the South Caspian Sea was estimated to be 58.75 thousand tons by using cohort analysis. The estimated maximum sustainable yield (MSY) was 25, 322 tons by Cadima equation. The first priority as a management measure of COMMON KILKA stock is supportive policies.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different concentrations of holy basil (Ocimum sanctum) essential oil (HBEO) on the oxidative stability and fatty acid profile of COMMON KILKA (Clupeonella cultriventris caspia) oil (CKO) at different temperatures. HBEO were extracted using microwave-assisted hydrodistillation method and its main components were identified as methyl chavicol (17. 97%), β-bisabolene (15. 89%), eugenol (13. 82%), and 1, 8-cineole (12. 10%). When used at concentrations of 500 and 750 ppm, the HBEO significantly reduced the peroxide value and anisidine value of CKO during storage at 45 and 60 ° C. By comparison, 100 ppm BHA and 250 ppm HBEO were less effective in reducing the peroxide value and anisidine value of CKO during storage at 45 and 60 ° C. Furthermore, HBEO could preserve polyunsaturated fatty acids of CKO during storage at both temperatures. Based on the results of this research, HBEO can be applied to increase the oxidative stability of CKO, and can protect the polyunsaturated fatty acids in CKO.

Modifications in fat and fatty acid composition during prolonged storage of canned COMMON KILKA (Clupeonella cultriventris) were studied. In this study COMMON KILKA was processed under traditional Mediterranean method and then stored for up to 3 years. Qualitative characteristics including total fat, fatty acids profile, free fatty acids, thiobarbituric acid, fluorescence compound of filling media and aquatic phase of lipid extract in fish (row canned and stored canned) were determined and compared with each other. Results showed that canning led to a decrease in total fat, although during 3 years storage, total fat did not change significantly. During the long term storage, amounts of free fatty acids, fluorescence and secondary lipid oxidation compounds were increased significantly. After canning, linoleic acid of tissues increased significantly as result of the interaction between tissue lipid and filling media. EPA and DHA of canned fish tissue decreased. Some of these fatty acids with other specific fatty acids were found in the sunflower oil that was used for coating. During prolonged storage, the n-3/n-6 ratio of tissue’s fatty acids decreased. At the same time, this ratio, in filling media, increased. Results of this investigation showed that, with increase of storage time, interaction between tissue fatty acids and filling media increases.